Sightlines · a reading
A Deleuzian reading of Murder on the Orient Express
2017 · Kenneth Branagh · Murder on the Orient Express on Sightlines
The camera lifts. It rises above the sleeping car and looks straight down the corridor, craning the length of the train so that the compartments open like cells in a ledger and the passengers lie arranged below — not people now but positions, a grid of who-was-where. This overhead shot, taken just after the murder, is the most quietly revealing thing in Branagh's film. It tells you what kind of cinema you are watching. Most movies want you inside the action. This one wants you above it, reading.
That instinct has a name in Deleuze. He called the detective story the home of the relation-image — the "mental-image," cinema's Thirdness. In an action film, meaning lives in the deed: a man sees a threat and throws a punch, and the cut from threat to punch is the whole sense of it. In a relation-image, meaning lives nowhere you can point to. It lives in the relations a mind holds between things — and the mind doing the holding is, first, the detective, and behind him, you. Poirot is less a man who acts than a man who relates. The overhead shot is his intelligence made into geometry.
Deleuze gives the detective's raw material two names. A mark is an object that means something by habit, by its customary chain — when you see this, expect that. A monogrammed handkerchief belongs to a name; a charred scrap of paper belongs to a fire someone wanted. The whodunit runs on marks: every object on the train is a promissory note pointing to a person. And then there is the demark — the thing that won't fit, the anomaly that breaks the habit and forces you to think. Poirot's gift, the film keeps insisting (the famous business with the matched eggs, the obsessive need for symmetry), is that he cannot not see the crooked thing. His fastidiousness isn't a quirk grafted onto the detection. It is the detection. A man who needs the world balanced is a man who registers every demark as a small pain.
Here the film leans on something Deleuze saw in the sneakier branch of the action-image — the small form, where an act discloses a hidden situation rather than resolving a known one. Its characteristic clue is the index of equivocity: a single gesture that could belong to two completely different stories. That is the engine of the closed circle. Every passenger offers an alibi; every alibi is an act that reads two ways at once. The pleasure — and Christie's structural genius, which Branagh inherits wholesale from Lumet's 1974 film — is that the equivocity never resolves to one guilty party. It resolves to all of them. The form promises a single killer in a single situation, the binomial of hero against culprit, and then quietly detonates it. There is no one situation. There are twelve.
And this is where Branagh makes his one true invention, the moment the film stops detecting and becomes something else. He takes the novel's denouement out of the cramped compartment and seats the suspects at a long table in the mouth of a tunnel, a row of faces in the snow, Poirot pacing before them — Leonardo's Last Supper, plainly quoted. Deleuze would call this a passage to the reflection-image, the Figure: action transposed into spectacle and discourse, no longer done but staged for contemplation. It is also, in the older Eisensteinian sense, an attraction — a tableau that figures the film's idea instead of advancing its plot. The idea is judgment, communion, shared guilt. Branagh, a man of the theater to his bones, cannot resist turning the solution into a liturgy. The relation-image, which began as cold geometry overhead, ends as a painting about mercy.
Beneath the lacquer there is rot, and the film knows it. Patrick Doyle's mournful score and Pfeiffer's elegiac end-credits song give away the secret register: this gilded, ordered world — the monogrammed linen, the etched glass, the brass and velvet — is decomposing from within, holding a buried crime that twelve people came aboard to avenge. Deleuze's word for an aristocratic order quietly rotting is crystal-decomposition, and the snowbound carriage, sealed from the world by a drift, is a near-perfect closed crystal. No outside. Only the past, working its way to the surface.
None of this is new, and the film is honest about that. It descends in a straight line: the all-star closed circle from Lumet, the choreographed period ensemble from Gosford Park, the prowling camera in tight chambers from Branagh's own Sleuth (his first work with cinematographer Haris Zambarloukos), the Doyle scores running back to Henry V. It seeded the sequels that followed — Death on the Nile, A Haunting in Venice. Its significance is not that it advanced the art but that it perfected a received form and, almost despite itself, made the form's deep structure visible. Watch that overhead shot again. You are seeing, in one move, what detection actually is: not chasing but reading, not acting but holding the whole arrangement in a single ordering mind. Branagh's real gift to the genre is to have ended it on its knees, in the snow, before a painting — to have remembered that the question who did it has always been, underneath, the question who shall be forgiven.
Concepts in play
- the mental-image (relation-image) — The whodunit structure itself: meaning lives not in any single shot but in the relations Poirot — and the viewer — hold between clues; the overhead crane down the corridor turns the carriage into a 'diagram of suspects' that externalizes his ordering intelligence.
- mark — Every object aboard points to a person by its customary chain (monogram, relic, residue) — the film's clues function as marks in Deleuze's sense.
- demark — Poirot's compulsive symmetry (the matched eggs, his need for balance) is dramatized as an inability not to register the anomaly that breaks habit and demands interpretation.
- index-of-equivocity (action-image, small form) — Each passenger's alibi is a single act that could belong to two different situations; the closed-circle solution refuses to resolve the equivocity to one culprit — all twelve are guilty, detonating the one-killer binomial.
- the Figure (reflection-image) — The denouement is moved outdoors and staged as Leonardo's Last Supper — suspects seated at a long table in the tunnel mouth, Poirot pacing — action transposed into spectacle and discourse for contemplation rather than acted.
- attraction-image — The Last Supper tableau works as an Eisensteinian montage of attractions: a staged liturgical figure of judgment, communion and shared guilt that figures the film's idea instead of advancing its plot.
- crystal-decomposition — The lavish ordered world of 1930s luxury travel — sealed off by the snowdrift, scored elegiacally by Doyle — harbors a buried crime rotting beneath its surface; an aristocratic order decomposing from within inside an almost perfectly closed crystal.